|
Pesticide Descriptions |
|
|
Chemical Name |
Description |
Type |
|
Azoxystrobin |
An experimental
compound used on cereals, vegetables, fruit crops, peanuts,
turf, ornamentals, stone fruit, bananas, rice, apples, grapes,
& potatoes. This chemical does not leach and is unlikely to
contaminate water bodies. It is found to exhibit very low
ecological risks, to aquatic life, birds, and mammals. Other
names include Abound, Amistar, Bankit, Heritage, and
Quadris. |
Fungicide |
|
Boscalid |
Fungicide used on
specialty crops such as straberries, beans, stone fruit, tree
nuts, root vegetables, carrots, grapes, Brassica vegetables, and
sunflowers
(http://www.epa.gov/opp00001/chem_search/reg_actions/registration/fs_PC-128008_01-Jul-03.pdf). |
Fungicide |
|
Carbendazim
(MBC) |
Found to be acutely
toxic to honeybees, having an effect on long term survival of
colonies. Foods with Carbendazim residues include: strawberries,
green beans, apple sauce, blueberries, sweet bell peppers,
apples, cherries, green onions, spinach, bananas, honey,
lettuce, water, celery, cauliflower, celery &
broccoli. |
Fungicide |
|
Chlorothalonil |
General use
insecticide used on trees, small fruits, turf, ornamentals, and
vegetables. Found to be non-toxic to honey bees
(http://pmep.cce.cornell.edu/profiles/extoxnet/carbaryl-dicrotophos/chlorothalonil-ext.html). |
Fungicide |
|
Cyprodinil |
Used as a foliar
fungicide on cereals, grapes, pome fruit, stone fruit,
strawberries, vegetables, field crops and ornamentals; and as a
seed dressing on barley. |
Fungicide |
|
Dicloran |
Widely used fungicide
used on a variety of ornamentals, fruit and vegetable crops such
as pricots, snap beans, carrots, celery, cherries, cucumber,
endive, fennel, garlic, grapes, lettuce, nectarines, onions,
peaches, plums, potatoes, prunes, rhubarb, shallots, sweet
potatoes and tomatoes
(http://www.epa.gov/oppsrrd1/REDs/factsheets/dcna_fs.htm). |
Fungicide |
|
Fenbuconazole |
Systemic fungicide
intended for use as an agricultural and horticultural fungicide
spray for the control of leaf spot, yellow and brown rust,
powdery mildew and net blotch on wheat and barley and apple
scab, pear scab and apple powdery mildew on apples and pears.
Residues are also found on cherries, apricots, plums, peaches,
grapes, oranges and grapefruits and numerous
vegetables. |
Fungicide |
|
Fludioxonil |
A fungicide used to
control fungal disease, making it a useful seed treatment as
well as a post-harvest treatment for fruit such as apples,
bilberries, blackberries, blackcurrants, blueberries, broad
beans, combining peas, crab apples, cranberries, dwarf french
beans, edible podded peas, forest nursery, gooseberries,
ornamental plant production, pears, quinces, raspberries,
redcurrants, runner beans, strawberries, vining peas and
whitecurrants
(http://www.agchemaccess.com/Fludioxonil). |
Fungicide |
|
Metalaxyl |
A fungicide used in
mixtures as a foliar spray for tropical and subtropical crops,
as a soil treatment for control of soil-borne pathogens, and as
a seed treatment to control downy mildews. Its average half-life
in soil is about 70 days. At pH's of 5 to 9 and temperatures of
20 to 30 degrees C, the half- life in water was greater than
four weeks. Metalaxyl is non-toxic to honeybees. |
Fungicide |
|
Myclobutanil |
A fungicide registered
for use on a wide range of food crops. It is used heavily to
control fungi affecting wine and table grapes, especially in
California. California accounts for roughyl 50% or all
myclobutanil use in the US. 60% of myclobutanil use in CA is
applied to grapes. It also has a number of other food crop and
commercial or residential landscaping applications. Found to be
non-toxic to honey
bees.(http://toxipedia.org/display/toxipedia/Myclobutanil). |
Fungicide |
|
Pyraclostrobin |
Controls foliar fungal
diseases Residues are found on a variety of fruits including
melons, apples, brassicaea family, sunflowers, beans, peppers,
lettuces, kale and cucumbers. |
Fungicide |
|
Tebuconazole |
A powder used to treat
pathogenic and foliar plant fungi on food and feed
crops. |
Fungicide |
|
Thiabendazole |
Fungicide used to
control mold, rot, blight and stain on fruits and vegetables. It
is found to be non-toxic to honey bees. |
Fungicide |
|
Trifloxystrobin |
A long-term effective
pesticide used to treat fungal turf infections such as brown
patch, red thread, rust, anthracnose, fusarium patch and dollar
spot
(http://www.rigbytaylor.com/Glossary+-+Trifloxystrobin.htm). |
Fungicide |
|
THPI |
Major metabolite of
Captan, a fungicide. Used to control diseases on a number of
fruits and vegetables as well as ornamental plants. It also
improves the outward appearance of many fruits, making them
brighter and healthier-looking. Captan is utilized by both home
and agricultural growers and is often applied during apple
production. Captan is cited as Group B2, a probable human
carcinogen by the EPA. |
Fungicide |
|
Vinclozolin |
General use fungicide
used on raspberries, chicory, lettuce, kiwi, canola, snap beans,
dry bulb onions, ornamentals, and turf
(http://pmep.cce.cornell.edu/profiles/extoxnet/pyrethrins-ziram/vinclozolin-ext.html). |
Fungicide |
|
Pesticide |
Description |
Type |
|
Atrazine |
A commonly used,
effective and inexpensive herbicide used to eliminate noxious
weeds in major crops. It frequently contaminates groundwater and
is can causes male amphibians (frogs) to change gender. It is
restricted in Europe. |
Herbicide |
|
Fluridone |
Herbicide used to
control aquatic weeds in freshwater ponds whether floating,
submerged or emersed
(http://ccetompkins.org/environment/invasive-species/fluridone-herbide-treatment-faq). |
Herbicide |
|
Metolachlor |
Applied to soil to
control weeds in corn, soybeans, peanuts, grain sorghum,
potatoes, pod crops, cotton, safflower, stone fruits, nut trees,
highway right-of-ways and woody ornamental fields. Rapid
degradation in sunny soil
(http://pmep.cce.cornell.edu/profiles/extoxnet/metiram-propoxur/metolachlor-ext.html). |
Herbicide |
|
Oxyfluorfen |
Herbicide used to
control broadleaf and grassy weeds in fruit and vegetable crops
as well as ornamentals. It is also used for weed control on
patios and driveways. "The largest agricultural markets in terms
of total pounds active ingredient are wine grapes and almonds."
It does not appear to have an effect on honey bees. |
Herbicide |
|
Pendimethalin |
Herbicide used to
control annual grasses and certain broadleaf weeds. Usually used
to protect crops such as wheat, corn, soybeans potatoes,
cabbage, peas, carrots and asparagus. Found to not be toxic to
bees or mammals but highly toxic to aquatic invertebrates and
fish. |
Herbicide |
|
Propazine |
Herbacide found to be
non-toxic to honey bees. Applied to boradleaf weeds and annual
grasses in sweet sorghum in the form of a spray or powder
(http://pmep.cce.cornell.edu/profiles/extoxnet/metiram-propoxur/propazine-ext.html). |
Herbicide |
|
Tebuthiuron |
Tebuthiuron is a
herbicide used to control weeds in noncropland areas,
rangelands, rights-of-way and industrial sites. Weeds that are
controlled by tebuthiuron include alfalfa, bluegrasses,
chickweed, clover, dock, goldenrod, mullein, etc. If used
correctly it should not pose a threat to bees
(http://pmep.cce.cornell.edu/profiles/extoxnet/pyrethrins-ziram/tebuthiuron-ext.html) |
Herbicide |
|
Trifluralin |
Herbicide on used on
grass, to control broadleaf weeds and on some fruit and
vegetable crops, flowers and shrubs such as cotton, alfalfa,
sunflowers and soybeans are examples. Insoluble in water but
does not leave residues on crops so residues only occur in root
tissues. Considered a pre-emergence herbicide |
Herbicide |
|
2,4
Dimethylphenyl formamide (DMPF) |
Amitraz is a
non-systemic acaricide and insecticide. Amitraz is among many
other purposes best known as insecticide against mite- or
tick-infestation of dogs. |
Insecticide |
|
Acephate |
General use
insecticide commonly used to treat species, in fruit, vegetables
(e.g. potatoes and sugar beets), vine, and hop cultivation and
in horticulture to protect from biting and sucking insects.
Considered toxic to bees at 1.2 ug/bee (Kidd, H. and James, D.
R., Eds. The Agrochemicals Handbook, Third Edition. Royal
Society of Chemistry Information Services, Cambridge, UK, 1991
(as updated).5-14). |
Insecticide |
|
Acetamiprid |
Contact neonicatinoid
insecticide targeting sucking-type insects. Can be applied to
soil or as a foliar spray on apples, cherries, letttuce, pears,
peppers, house and garden plants, potatoes, plums and tomatoes
(http://www.agchemaccess.com/Acetamiprid). |
Insecticide |
|
Aldicarb
sulfone |
Active ingredient in
pesticide Temik. It is effective against thrips, aphids, spider
mites, lygus, fleahoppers, and leafminers, but is primarily used
as a nematicide in potato crops. Its weakness is its high level
of solubility, which restricts its use in certain areas where
the water table is close to the surface. |
Insecticide |
|
Aldicarb
sulfoxide |
See above. |
Insecticide |
|
Bifenthrin |
Insecticide used
mainly again red fire ants but also used to control aphids,
worms, ants, gnats, moths, beetles, grasshoppers, mites, midges,
spiders, ticks, yellow jackets, maggots, thrips, caterpillars,
flies and fleas. It is mostly used in orchards, nurseries and
homes and is seen in large amounts on corn. It is highly toxic
to aquatic organisms and has one of the longest known residual
times in soil on the market. "In bees, the lethal concentration
(LC50) of bifenthrin is about 17 mg/L. At sub lethal
concentrations, bifenthrin reduces the fecundity of bees,
decreases the rate at which bees develop into adulthood, and
increases their immature periods. Dai, Ping-Li; Wang, Qiang;
Sun, Ji-Hu; Liu, Feng; Wang, Xing; Wu, Yan-Yan; Zhou, Ting
(2010). "Effects of sub lethal concentrations of bifenthrin and
deltamethrin on fecundity, growth, and development of the
honeybeeApis mellifera logistical". Environmental Toxicology and
Chemistry 29 (3): 644–9." A Pyrethroid insecticide. |
Insecticide |
|
Chlorpyrifos |
Insecticide effective
in controlling cutworms, corn rootworms, cockroaches, grubs,
flea beetles, flies, termites, fire ants, and lice. Mainly used
as an insecticide on grain, cotton, field, fruit, nut and
vegetable crops, and well as on lawns and ornamental plants.
"Aquatic and general agricultural uses of chlorpyrifos pose a
serious hazard to wildlife and honeybees" (Kidd, H. and James,
D. R., Eds. The Agrochemicals Handbook, Third Edition. Royal
Society of Chemistry Information Services, Cambridge, UK, 1991,
5-14) |
Insecticide |
|
Coumaphos |
A widely used insecticide found to be
moderately toxic to bees. It used to control livestock insects
such as cattle grubs, screw worms, lice, scabies, flies and
ticks. Coumaphos is an organophosphate which affects the
activity of naturally occuring enzymes called cholinesterases in
humans and insects that are essential for the proper functioing
of the nervous system
(http://pmep.cce.cornell.edu/profiles/extoxnet/carbaryl-dicrotophos/coumaphos-ext.html). |
Insecticide |
|
Pesticide |
Description |
Type |
|
Coumaphos
oxon |
Coumaphos degraded to
its first coroxon (a metabolite of Coumaphos) |
Insecticide |
|
Cyfluthrin |
Insecticide used to
control cutworms, ants, silverfish, cockroaches, termites, grain
beetles, weevils, mosquitoes, fleas, flies, corn earworms,
tobacco budworm, codling moth, European corn borer, cabbageworm,
loopers, armyworms, boll weevil, alfalfa weevil, Colorado potato
beetle, and many others. Its primary agricultural uses have been
for control of chewing and sucking insects on crops such as
cotton, turf, ornamentals, hops, cereal, corn, deciduous fruit,
peanuts, potatoes, and other vegetables. Cyfluthrin is also used
in public health situations and for structural pest control.
Cyfluthrin is the active ingredient in many insecticide products
including Baythroid, Baythroid H, Attatox, Contur, Laser,
Responsar, Solfac, Tempo and Tempo H. Cyfluthrin is highly toxic
to bees with an LD50 of 0.037 mg/bee. A Synthetic pyrethroid
derivative that is used as an insecticide and a common household
pesticide. |
Insecticide |
|
Cyhalothrin
total |
Synthetic
pyrethroid |
Insecticide |
|
Cypermethrin |
Cypermethrin is a
synthetic pyrethroid used as an insecticide in large-scale
commercial agricultural applications as well as in consumer
products for domestic purposes. Lasts 2-8 weeks in the soil and
unlikely to contaminate groundwater. |
Insecticide |
|
Diazinon |
In 1994 the EPA phased
out the residential use of Diazinon and in 1988 cancelled the
registration for use on golf courses and sod farms. It is
currently used on rice, fruit trees, sugarcane, corn tobacco,
potatoes, and other horticultural plants
(http://pmep.cce.cornell.edu/profiles/extoxnet/carbaryl-dicrotophos/diazinon-ext.html). |
Insecticide |
|
Dichlorvos |
An organophosphate
insecticide used to control mushroom flies, aphids, spider
mites, caterpillars, thrips, and white flies in fruit and
vegetble crops. It is also fed to livestock to control botfuly
larvae in manure as well as parasitic worm infections in humans,
livestock and dogs. Many plants tolerate the pesticide very well
and it is toxic to bees
(http://pmep.cce.cornell.edu/profiles/extoxnet/carbaryl-dicrotophos/dichlorvos-ext.html). |
Insecticide |
|
Dicofol |
A miticide used on
fruit, vegetable, ornamental and field crops. It id found to be
non-toxic to honey bees
(http://pmep.cce.cornell.edu/profiles/extoxnet/carbaryl-dicrotophos/dicofol-ext.html) |
Insecticide |
|
Dieldrin |
Banned insecticide as
of 1987 and no longer produced in the US. used to control
insects on cotton, corn and citrus crops. Used to control
locusts and mosquitoes, as a wood preserve, and for termite
control. (EPA) |
Insecticide |
|
Diflubenzuron |
Insecticide used to
control many leaf eating larvae of insects feeding on
agricultural, forest and ornamental plants (e.g. gypsy moths,
mosquito larvae, rust mites). Diflubenzuron is used primarily on
cattle, citrus, cotton, mushrooms, ornamentals, standing water,
forestry trees and in programs to control mosquito larvae and
gypsy moth populations. (EPA) Insecticide used in controlling
insect pests in forests and on field crops. It inhibits the
production of chitin used by an insect to build its
exoskeleton. |
Insecticide |
|
Endosulfan
I |
Controversial
insecticide that is globally being phased out by mid 2012.
Endosulfan has been used in agriculture around the world to
control insect pests including whiteflys, aphids, leafhoppers,
Colorado potato beetles and cabbage worms however it can
negatively effect populations of beneficial insects and is
moderately toxic to honey bees (Oregon State University).
Endocrine disruptor and acutely neurotoxic to both insects and
mammals. |
Insecticide |
|
Endosulfan
II |
Endosulfan
metabolite |
Insecticide |
|
Endosulfan
sulfate |
Endosulfan
metabolite |
Insecticide |
|
Esfenvalerate |
Insecticide used on a
wide range of pests such as moths, flies, beetles, and other
insects. It is used on vegetable crops, tree fruits, and nut
crops. "Esfenvalerate is also highly toxic to bees. The compound
tends to repel bees for a day or two after application, causing
bee visitations to drop during that time . Since most
intoxicated bees die in the field before they can return to
contaminate the hive, the brood is not exposed except by direct
spray. Dried spray residues are not expected to pose a
significant threat to bees" (Asana XL Technical Bulletin. (no
date). Du Pont Chemical Corp). Synthetic pyrethroid
insecticide. |
Insecticide |
|
Fenpropathrin |
Insecticide used in
agriculture and on ornamentals. Used to control mites in fruits
and vegetables. |
Insecticide |
|
Fenpyroximate |
Acaricide used to
control varroa mites. |
Insecticide |
|
Flonicamid |
Insecticide used to
control hemipterous, or sucking insects such as aphids and
whiteflies on fruit, cereal and root/tuber crops, by inhibiting
feeding behavior. No honey bee toxity infromation is currently
available for this insecticide
(http://www.efsa.europa.eu/en/efsajournal/doc/1445.pdf). |
Insecticide |
|
Fluvalinate |
Insecticide mainly
used to treat honey bees for Varroa mites. |
Insecticide |
|
Imidacloprid |
The most widely used
insecticide in the world to control beetles, fleas, aphids,
stink bugs, termites, locusts, thrips, carpenter ants and
cockroaches. It is one of the most toxic insecticides to honey
bees (^ Suchail, Séverine; Guez, David; Belzunces, Luc P.
(November 2011). "Discrepancy between acute and chronic toxicity
induced by imidacloprid and its metabolites in Apis mellifera".
Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry 20:
2482-2486.) |
Insecticide |
|
Methoxyfenozide |
Insecticide used to
target lepidopterous insects (moths) causing premature molting.
Not believed to be toxic to honey bees. |
Insecticide |
|
Pesticide |
Description |
Type |
|
Methamidophos |
A highly active,
systemic, residual organophosphate insecticide. It is used on
crops such as broccoli, Brussel sprouts, cauliflower, grapes,
celery, sugar beets, cotton, tobacco, and potatoes to protect
them against aphids, flea beetles, worms, whiteflies, thrips,
cabbage loopers, Colorado potato beetles, potato tubeworms,
armyworms, mites, and leafhoppers. Toxic to honey bees as one
study found it greatly reduces the foraging activity of bees for
a prolonged period of time after application (Gary, N.E. and K.
Lorenzen. 1989. Effect of Methamidophos on Honey Bees
(Hymenoptera: Apidae) During Alfalfa Pollination. J. Econ.
Entomol. 82(4): 1067-1072.) |
Insecticide |
|
Methomyl |
Broad spectrum
insecticide used to control spiders and ticks as well as
applications to agricultural crops. It cosidered highly toxic to
honey bees through direct contact and ingestion
(http://pmep.cce.cornell.edu/profiles/extoxnet/haloxyfop-methylparathion/methomyl-ext.html). |
Inseticide |
|
Paradichlorobenzene |
A fumigant insecticide
used to control moths and moth larvae. In 2010, 30 known
products on the market contained paradichlorobenzene according
to the EPA. Hives can be fumigated with this chemical to stave
off wax moth infestation
(http://npic.orst.edu/factsheets/PDBgen.pdf). |
Insecticide |
|
Permethrin
total |
The majority of
permethrin, over 70%, is used in non-agricultural settings. It
is used on many food and feed crops. A pyrethroid. |
Insecticide |
|
Phosmet |
Insecticide mainly
used on apple trees for the control of codling moth it however
used on other fruit crops and ornamentals and vines for aphids,
suckers, mites and fruit flies control. |
Insecticide |
|
Pyridaben |
An insecticide applied
to fruit and nut crops such as apples, pears and almonds. Per
package instructions, the insecticide should not to be sprayed
when honey bees are in close proximity to a treatment area as it
is toxic to honey bees
(http://pmep.cce.cornell.edu/profiles/insect-mite/mevinphos-propargite/pyridaben/pyramite_mcl_0398.pdf). |
Insecticide |
|
Tebufenozide |
Molt-inducing
pesticide used on cabbage, cauliflower, beet, soybean, cotton,
mealie, tea, tobacco and fruit trees. Found to be not acutely
toxic to honey bees
(http://www.pesticideinfo.org/Detail_Chemical.jsp?Rec_Id=PC36018). |
Insecticide |
|
Thiacloprid |
Neonicotinoid
insecticide that is mainly for chewing insects |
Insecticide |
|
Thymol |
Used as an antifungal
or anti fermentation agent in producing sugar syrup and as an
aromatic material for use against the Varroa mite in special
evaporator frames. Essential oil, active ingredient in
Apiguard. |
Insecticide |
|
Thiamethoxam |
Insecticide classified
as a neonicatoid. Used to deter insect feeding from aphids,
thrips, beetles, centipedes, millipedes, sawflies, leaf miners,
stem borers and termites. |
Insecticide |
|
|
|
|
|
Compiled by Karen Rennich and Jennie
Stitzinger for the National Honey Bee Pest and Disease Survey
funded by APHIS |